Individual Assignment: Classic Airlines Marketing Solution Essay

Bryan Spearman July 22nd, 2010 Abstract In the case study of Classic Airline (CA), the paper use problem-solving model to solve CA’s marketing problem. After taking into account of the internal and external pressures contributing the CA’s current crisis, the new objective of implementing strategic market plan to resolve solution is clarified; furthermore, potential issues of implementation is also considered to ensure impact of the plan. The paper will also highlight that implementation of improved CRM which expected to significantly improve the profitability of the organization. Successful implementation requires effective leadership, targeting market group, realizing shared vision among stakeholders and appropriate delivery strategies. Classic Airlines Marketing Solution For every successful organization, a question is often brought forward by the management: What philosophy should guide a company’s marketing efforts? Should organization focus its strength first on the interest of stockholder, the customers or the society? Often times, these interests are in conflict with one another. Since the mid-1950s, the marketing philosophy had shift from product centered â€Å"make to sell† toward customer centered â€Å"sense and respond† philosophy. Thus the questions of marketing are finding the product that fit customer’s need instead of other way around. [ (Philip Kotler, 2006) ] Facing fierce global competition, companies had realized the importance of retaining healthy customer relationship because every companies knows it is far more cost effective to retain a loyal customer than to acquire a new one. According to Plunkett Research Online, the 2009-2010 periods for commercial airlines are expecting some rough ride ahead: consumer budget is tight while companies are cutting down business traveling expenses. To combat with economical hardship, airlines are fighting to cut routes, removing older models of air planes and reduce the fuel cost; at the same time, competing on best price and total service package to the customers. [ (Plunkett Research Ltd. , 2009) ] The Problems at Classic Airline The Classic Airline (CA) is world’s fifth largest airline that operates 375 jets serves 240 cities with over 2300 daily flights. In the last 25 years, the company had grown into an organization of 32000 employees with multi-billion sales. [ (University of Phoenix, 2005) ] Due to the difficulties with increasing global competition, overexpansion within the organization, changes in customers spending, and increased concern with airline security; CA along with its competitors in the industry are dealing with issues of growing stress and reduced financial gain. Increased uncertainty had triggered a drop in stock price; thus CA has seen a 10% decrease in share price. To make the situation worse, the company had also shown 19% decrease in number of reward members and 21% decrease in flights per remaining member. (University of Phoenix, 2005) With rising cost especially in fuel and labor, CA is tight up financially in its ability to compete effectively in the market. Furthermore, the board of director mandated 15% cut in cost or the company will face bankruptcy. A key component of the business model affecting both competiveness and profitability is the structure of the marketing portfolio within the company. In fact, Classic Airlines is struggling with a number of marketing challenges both internally within their corporate culture as well as with their external marketing portfolio. Some senior executives such as newly promoted CEO Amanda Miller believed in focusing organizational resources on operational excellence and financial stability thus gives less attention to marketing. As a result, the shift in priority had caused the firm more vulnerable in this critical time which consumers needs should be valued as most important of all others. Meanwhile, CA’s competitors are learning fast in continuing improvement in customer satisfaction to regain their market share. Opportunity Identification Targeted at the problems at home, also lies opportunity to success. Because the executives of Classic Airline believes that they can turn the things around and improve the current situation, First opportunity is to increase customer satisfaction through the company’s existing program called Customer Relationship Management (CRM). Using this information, CA can determine what it needs to focus on to bring customers back. Though the CMO, Kevin Boyle is a big supporter of this program; he might be facing disagreement with other executives down the road during the implementation process since they don’t have much faith on how marketing department can be benefited from the program Stakeholder Groups and Shared Vision Stakeholder alignment is an important part of marketing planning thus holds a key to the success of implementation of problem solution. The potential of conflict of interest is inherent in any organization. Conflicts may exist whenever a group or an individual is paid to serve and support another from a position of assumed trust and responsibility. † [ (Emlyn Neuman-Javornik, 2006) ] Before any product reaches to consumers, it must connect with all stakeholders in every levels of the organization first because CA’s employees will be affected by these changes and so will their perfo rmance in the future. Can the risk due to the conflict of interest be eliminated once for all? Unfortunately, the answer is no; but the progression of actions that cause potential risky situation escalating to the point of destruction can be and should be prevented beforehand. [ (Emlyn Neuman-Javornik, 2006) ] The key step is management awareness and proactive action taken to minimize the risk factors. An effective risk-management program based on three critical phrases: Creation, Communication and Commitment. Creation is referring the solid cross-companywide statement of policy which states a clear expectation and govern ethical standard of conduct toward the all stakeholders including employee, managers, suppliers and officers; Communication, allows all levels of stakeholder to understand the statement policy and oversee any differences before it progresses; Last and most importantly, the commitment of employees, managers, partners and suppliers to invested in the company’s policy and shared vision as same as they are equally liable for the consequence if violates the policy. (Emlyn Neuman-Javornik, 2006) ] â€Å"The creative difference between reality and the vision is a way of seeing progress and an objective that serves as a motivator for a lot of people. † [ (Senge, 1997) ] Senge also states that the vision should come from all levels within an organization instead of being applied â€Å"top down†. Despite the individual belief and differences, it is vital for Cl assic Airline to establish a shared vision among all stakeholders in order for the organization continues creating value. In addition, the importance of a shared vision is the core of the company which allows teams learning to happen throughout the stages of product cycle. In fact, company that learns faster as a team than its competitor has a clear competitive advantage thus is more flexible toward changes. [ (Senge, 1997) ] In the case of Classic Airline, management had been working hard to maintain a high level of efficiency; however the passive approach has its limitation thus incapable of continuing improving when deals with worse market response. Therefore, the core competency must shift toward customer centered business operation. Employees must be encouraged to know and listen to the consumer’s voices which allow a clear channel of communication. As a result, the info collected from bottom up will help marketing team to shape a clear picture in how to meet market demand with effective strategic solution. In addition, a cross-function communication network must be established which integrated with CRM system to close the communication gap between external and internal stakeholders. Problem Solution An Overview of Customer Relationship Management â€Å"CRM systems can be viewed as information systems aimed at enabling organizations to realize a customer focus. † [ (Bull, 2003) ] Though CRM has gained an increasing popularity in improving and meeting marketing demand; however, the studies had shown a great number of failure in CRM implementation. According to Giga surveys: companies generally underestimate the complexities of CRM, lack of clear business objective and tend to invest insufficient resources into the program; thus Giga survey have estimated 70% of companies are likely to fail. (Whittle, 2001) ] The truth is that CRM system is evolving over the years as market demand changes. Because the leaders oversees not only the internal running of operation but also monitor the external environments changes; and are best positioned to set the vision and strategic direction for CRM project. In addition, the top executive is more cost aware than middle management thus has stronger control over the expenditure of project over the long run. [ (Bull, 2003) ] Classic Airline had earned $8. 7 billion in sales; however, the ineffective CRM system had reduced yields from consumers and failed to maintain loyal customers. The firm suffers CRM integration problem due to unclear direction in dealing with customer relationship. Therefore, a set of priorities must be established to set straight forth the focus of the CRM system which is to identify consumer needs, assisting market segmentation, discover value and cost driver, improving customer retention and leveraging stakeholder feedback. Holistic Market Approach Classic Airline could apply the concept of holistic marketing which based on four components: relationship marketing, integrated marketing, internal marketing and social responsibility marketing. The goal is to have more comprehensive approach that goes beyond the traditional marketing strategies in order to deliver highest value to the customer. [ (Philip Kotler K. L. , 2006) ] In the relationship marketing, the company can update and strengthen the CRM program to collect data required based on the goal to understand the need, wants and demand of the customers; as the same time, integrated marketing enable multiple marketing activities to communicate thus deliver value and maximize each activities’ joint effect. As a result, two objectives that can be achieved: lower the cost of marketing and implement a solid customer service solution to increase sales. [ (Philip Kotler K. L. , 2006) ] Notably, internal marketing must be incorporated into the solution process which to ensure every stakeholders within the organization embrace and participate the marketing principle especially the senior management. â€Å"Holistic approaches to CRM help organization co-ordinate and effectively maintain the growth of disparate customer contact points or channels of communication. [ (Bull, 2003) ] By placing CRM system as the heart of holistic marketing approach, new solution allows company undergoing transformation needed to emphasis on customer orientated business process with higher flexibility and adaptability to market changes. Identification of Right Customer Groups According to Newell, CRM is a useful tool in terms of identifying the right customer groups; in another word, assisting with market segmenta tion in order to provide appropriate service and product to different level of market groups. (Newell, 2000) ] The basic idea of market segmentation is that a company cannot have equally profitable relationship with all customers. By targeting consumer with different product and services according to their lifestyle, individual taste and financial ability will create a win-win relationship in which both parties received maximum benefit from one another. Newell had stated that identifying customer groups is the idea of distinguishing between transaction and relationship customers; which transaction customer are highly volatile thus have less to no loyalty other than obtaining the max benefit per transaction with best price. On the contrary, the relationship customer have far more potential for loyalty as they often prepared to pay a higher price within their financial ability for a range of reliable goods and services. [ (Newell, 2000) ] Generally, relationship customer will less likely to defect once establish a relationship; however, he will expect consistent quality service as a return for his loyalty. Relationship customer is far more cost effective than new customer because they had already understood the process and requires less persuasion; as the same time, he will be able to provide useful feedback to improve quality services of the organization. Delivery of CRM System Another dimension of market problem solution is CA’s ability to deliver the strategy successfully. CRM strategy is only effective if they deliver positive outcome; therefore, customer focused CRM system may not be enough with current consumer demand. Not only CRM will be able to assist the organization to predict future market demand, but keep the organization strong as a market leader. The studies had shown that fundamental goal of CRM is to improve organizational profitability though efficient and effective customer relationship. If the CRM strategy is struggling to impact profitability of organization after the initial implementation period; clearly, the strategy is failed to accomplish its goal. [ (Bull, 2003) ] In the case of Classic Airline, to revise and establish a stronger and effective CRM system: the top executive must clarify the expectation and announce an overarching theme to CA employees. The top executive must assume a strong leadership role within the organization to lead the transformation of the business process and passed down to the bottom level. When employees are more anticipated, the transformation process will be easier to implement. Value is ultimately built on the improved relational variables cultivated between business unit as CA experience learning as a team. As a result, manages and employees’ behavior will help improving the existing organizational culture so all stakeholders are motivated to work toward the common goal. Although the risks associated with transformation is relatively high, CA must utilize CRM system with proactive models to address the challenges/trends that market demand in a timely manner because strategy nd efficiency should always exist alongside each other. Alternative Solution and Benchmarking â€Å"When organizations want to improve their performance, they benchmark. That is, they compare and measure their policies, practices, philosophies, and performance measures against those of high-performing organizations anywhere in the world. † (James Cavanagh, 2000) Southwest Airline i s one of market leader in airline industry which has a reputation of delivering consistently high quality of customer service and employee performance. Southwest airline is reported that 2009 marked as their 37th year of consecutive profitability which proven their immovable leadership within the industry. (Gary C Kelly, 2009) During the period of recession, Southwest Airline had continued to dedicate quality of customer service as their top priority and led the industry with lowest customer complaint ratio. The organization is constantly seeking new opportunity to enhance customer experience. Examples of their initiatives are early bird check-in which encourage customer online-reservation; P. A. W. S that are welcoming customer with pet aboard and last, in flight internet that installing satellite-delivered broadband to onboard passenger. [ (Gary C Kelly, 2009) ] CA should learn from Southwest Airline which is developing strategic planning based on consumer focused philosophy. With new updates and perfected CRM system, CA will be able to establish more stable customer relationship in order to regain the competitive advantage in the market. Conclusion Marketing is the life and breathes of an organization, and the organization must be reminded how its strategic marketing solution should be based on consumer satisfaction consistently. Encompass the body of the paper, it is confirmed that CRM is a complex and holistic concept that requires appropriate business process and integrated systems. After identification of existing problems, alignment the stakeholders’ value and creation shared vision; Classic Airline had come to conclusion that in order for the successful implementation of updated CRM system to impact the profitability, CA need to execute effective leadership and risk management, targeting the right marketing group and evaluation within CRM strategies. The future of CA relies upon a collaborated effort infused with productivity and team work.

Regina Case

Regina Company Inc. was known as a complacent slow-growth company and was dominated by Hoover and Eureka within the floorcare industry. Donald Sheelen was a promising young individual when he was hired first as the head of the marketing division in Regina, and then became its president. Shortly after becoming company president, Sheelen set out to make Regina the industry’s number one company and repeatedly vowed to â€Å"bomb† Hoover, the number one firm in the industry at the time. Sheelen expanded Regina’s product line and started an aggressive advertisement campaign to promote Regina’s products over Hoover’s. His strategy paid off, as Regina’s profits grew substantially, and after Regina went public, its stock price soared by nearly 500 percent, making Sheelen and the company’s other principal stockholders millionaires many times over. However, it turned out that the impressive financial figures released by Regina after it went public were fabricated by Sheelen. Instead of a growth company with bright prospects, Regina was a dying company mired in mounting losses. † The major reason behind Regina’s financial difficulties was the poor quality of its new products, which resulted in a reported 50 percent customer return rates. After realizing that Regina was in a deep trouble, Sheelen, with the help of Regina CFO Vincent Golden, came up with several illicit accounting schemes to keep the company’s stock pric es at a high level. In addition to significantly understating customer product returns and company’s cost of goods, they recorded bogus sales to inflate sales revenues, and implemented a so-called â€Å"ship-in-place† booking scheme. After realizing that he could no longer conceal the company’s deteriorating condition, Sheelen decided to let the public know of the company’s dire financial condition. Although Sheelen and Golden initially blamed the computer system for errors, they later pleaded guilty to federal mail and security fraud charges in 1989. Sheelen served 1 year in prison in a halfway house, and paid a mere $25,000 in fines. One of the charges was that Sheelen and Golden had repeatedly and intentionally misled the company’s audit firm, Peat Marwick. In a sharp contrast to the Mattel case, SEC did not fault Peat Marwick for failing to uncover the massive fraud by Sheelen and Golden, although several articles in financial press did criticize the audit firm. It is interesting that while SEC heavily criticized Arthur Andersen for failing to uncover Mattel’s fraudulent activities, there was not apparently a similar scrutiny of Peat Marwick for failing to uncover the fraud in Regina. Based on this article, it seems that Peat Marwick simply trusted Golden’s assurance that no fraudulent transactions had been recorded in Regina’s accounting records, and that Peat Marwick was therefore not to be blamed for failing to uncover the fraud in Regina’s financials. Given that the fraud schemes in both Mattel and Regina were of very similar nature, one wonders why Peat Marwick was not scrutinized to the same degree as Arthur Andersen. There is definitely more to this story than what is told in this article.

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Should the central bank aim for zero inflation (Economics) - Essay Example rcent inflation rate would not be in line with the natural rate of unemployment in the country therefore targeting a zero percent inflation would not serve the interests of the economy. A dominant economy phenomenon before great depression was the fact that there was a deflation in the economy as the prices tend to come down rather than go up however after the happening of Great Depression, a new phenomenon of inflation emerged under which prices showed the tendency to increase over the period of time rather than decrease. Increase in general price level or inflation have very threatening impacts on the economy as it not reduce the purchasing power of a consumer but it also reduce the competitive advantage of the countries as rising inflation would make the goods and services of that country more expensive hence less competitive in international market. Thus the question arise for the monetary policy experts of the country as to what level of inflation within the economy can be achieved in order to keep the competitiveness of the economy intact. The argument which is often brought forward in order to bring the price stability is the fact that price stability can not be achieved without sacrificing the employment level in the country. Thus there is a negative relationship between the inflation and unemployment in the country. If policy makers tend to contain the inflation down, the unemployment levels in the economy would increase and similarly if fiscal and monetary policymakers aim to achieve the low unemployment level in the country, inflation is going to increase. (Gramley). â€Å"Economists label the relationship between inflation and unemployment the Phillips curve. According to NAIRU, the Phillips curve is vertical; its verticality indicates that if the central bank (i.e., the Fed) increases inflation, there is no reduction in the unemployment rate. Similarly, lowering the inflation rate also has no effect on unemployment. This means that the inflation rate

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Oil Paintings Essay The oil painting technique traces its roots all the way back to a time between the fifth and ninth century when it was first used in Western Afghanistan, yet it was made famous and the premier means of expression by the Renaissance movement in the 15th century by men like Leonardo Da Vinci and Raphael (Davide 46). The reason the oil painting technique gained this newfound popularity was due in large part to its ability to convey things such as human flesh more accurately while also giving the painter weeks in drying time to work. However, in order for us to properly understand the oil painting technique, we must first understand its composition and ability to create. The paint itself is created using two elements: pigments and oil. The pigments are dry colorants, such as mineral salts and other earth types, ground-up into a fine powder and separated by color. But since the pigments could not adhere to the painting alone, oil was used as a binder to do just that. 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In order to make alterations and correct elements, artists like to paint multiple layers; this also gives them the luxury of stripping off the paint already applied to the gesso (white glue that covers the medium on which the painting will be applied) without ruining the portions, which they would like to remain permanent. However, for the artist to do this, they need to apply thin layers of paint initially (‘under painting’), meaning they must mix the oil with a solvent such as white spirits or turpentine to dilute the oil. This is especially good for the artist using the â€Å"fat over lean† ethod, where each layer of paint contains more oil than the previous layer. Additional additives would also include varnishes that are usually made from damar gum crystals dissolved in turpentine, thus sealing the work and giving the painting a greater glossiness (Davide 47). The advantages of oil paintings include durability and versatility; oil paintings completed using proper drying time and properly created are very durable. Oil itself is non-polar and hydrophobic, meaning it will repel water, a key element in the deterioration of many pieces of art. Furthermore, oil actually dries through oxidization, in which â€Å"†¦non-polar covalent bonds are governed by the ionic forces between functional groups and the metal ions present in the pigment† (Mayer, Ralph and Sheehan 125). The consequential result is a stable film that’s bit of elasticity helps prevent any bleeding or flow from gravitational pull. In terms of versatility, varnishes allow for one to work on and complete independent elements over a vast time frame, while also the stripping of the varnish allow for the proper cleaning of paintings after many years of display. Moreover, the fine pigments ground into the oil allow for greater optical effect and translucency, which makes things such as human skin appear far more life-like. And with the use of a smooth surface greater lightness is reflected in the oil painting, which the varnish will help accentuate color and depth (Mayer, Ralph and Sheehan 125). This is due to the multiple refractions the varnish helps create, thus creating more perspective in the painting itself. There aren’t many disadvantages when it comes to oil painting, yet there are issues with drying time, aging, and blending. Drying time is an advantage to quite a few artists, yet those who like to use a sequence of washes in quick succession often find the oil painting technique difficult (Davide 48). Also, most curators would tell you that it takes from 60-80 years for an oil painting to finish drying. Aging concerns also are a major disadvantage, especially when artists use linseed oil, which tends to yellow or darken with age. However, this aging can be stifled if the artist has the proper tools. Finally, blending can also be a key concern because the oil tends to blur together causing the painting to become muddy and taking away from istinctive properties. The oil painting technique is typically applied to a canvas that is composed of a linen or cotton cloth and wooden â€Å"stretcher. † The canvas can then be coated with animal glue and primed with a mixture of white paint and chalk. This medium has been very popular since the 16th century; however, other mediums for oil paintings such as panels, linoleum, paper, and slate were also used (Davide 48). The canvas, though, was highly regarded for its lightweight, cheaper, and not prone to warping like a panel. In conclusion, the oil painting technique is still a very popular method used by artists today. However, many artists don’t make their own paint, rather they buy tubes from specialty stores, but still many of them stress the importance of knowing the components of the paint in which they are using. And as a result, those artists are able to showcase their works to the best of their abilities, because their understanding of the materials allows them to make adjustments and highlight key elements, thus putting their knowledge on par with the great painter’s of the Renaissance.

Analysis of organization British airways

Analysis of organization British airways The details about the organization overview and organization process of the British airways. First it look at the company profile and history of the organization including organization chart to give overview of the organization it focus on the organization process like (1) changes within the organization (2) organizational culture (3) Recruitment, Training, Job placement and promotion policy. How these process are related and affected to each other. Finally, it will give recommendations for the organizations to deal with organizational process in future. Company profile: British Airways is the UKs largest international scheduled airways, which provides international domestic services for cargo and cargo. British airways which are approximately compromise 150 destinations in 75 countries. It includes Asia, Africa, North and Eastern Europe (plus the Eastern Mediterrean), Western Europe, North America, Central and Latin America (plus Sweden). The head quarter of the British airways is located in London. Gatwick airport and London Heathrow airport is the main hubs for British airways. British airways had more than 280 aircrafts, which is mainly for boeing jets and Airbus and it has more than 40,000 employees to work for a company (Hoovers 2006). Organizational chart: The structure of the organization is fat type because it has one level of hierarchy that separates the directors at top from bottom line employees. (Buchanan D. Huczynski A., 2004). Mr. Willaiam and M. Walsh is the head of the company, presently he are working as a chief executive. The British airways organization departments are includes planning, Engineering, Flight operation, Investment and Alliances, IT, Law, Finance, HR, Ground operations. History of British airways: British airways and imperial airline are merged together at the beginning of Second World War. The two airlines formed new subsidy companies. This is British Overseas Airways Corporation (BOAC) to operate short haul service in Europe (Papadogiannis, 2006). In 1980 British airways ran in the financial problems and Sir John King (CEO) was appointed to handle privatization and it was succeeded in 1987. (Datamonitor 2005). Objectives of British airways: Like all the business one of their first main objectives was to maximizing profits. However after September 11th they had to change their aim to having an increasingly in security and they needed to keep their customers safe. Objectives to increase profit by the end of the tax year 2009: A British airway is planning to increase profit by the end of the tax year 2009 than the last year profit. The last year profit was  £694 million. Annual reports of 2006/2007 shows that they had 148.3 million customers are within the UK. They need to monitor regularly the customers amount that they fly with them. Perhaps giving such as offerings on certain flights to increase their promotions. Changes within the organizations: The factors of the organizational change can be categorized into two factors. (1) External trigger and (2) Internal trigger. The first factor External trigger is innovations of competitors, requirements, and changes in customers, government policies and legislations. The second factor is Internal trigger it includes appointment of a new senior manager, new product and service design innovations, new ideas about how to deliver services to customers. (Buchanan D. Huczynski A., 2004). By the external and internal trigger have impacts on British airways, the company is responded by initiating privatization program to change ownership from government to private sector. According to Lewins change, changes within the organizations will occur in 3 stages. The first stage is unfreezing. The second stage is Movement to develop new behavior. And the third stage is Refreezing which is stabilizing change at the new level (Mullins, J., L., 1999) Human Resource Management policies in world airline industry: For the past 15 years there has been undergoing the research on the human resource policies and competencies differentiating the business performance. Companies are looking for the ways to gain a competitive advantages and the implication of human resource policy choices for companies performance is certainly to the key factor recently researches of the business strategy turned their attention into international attributes of the top companies looking at the industry is likely to evolve; and the way how that the evolution can be exploited to earn a profit. The greater and the extent to which of these assumptions and hypothesis are reflects accurately. The international airline and hypothesis is currently following with the similar trends. HRM policies in British airways: Human resource management policies are followed by the British airways in 1980s before and after privatization by the British government. When the British airways are in public ownership it had been unprofitable in the financial year of 1981/82 and it suffered in a severe financial loss. Following the market research showing that the airlines passengers were dissatisfied with its service. In 1982 British airways launched on extensive campaign called putting people first for all of 12000 staffs who had direct contact with customers. Up to 150 staffs at a time from baggage handlers to engineers and pilots took a part in servicing customers and later the campaign were extended so that eventually all of British airways staffs attended one of the events. Customers first teams were set up to look at the ways to improving customer service. Memberships of the team cuts across to the organizational boundaries with staff from different sections are working together for the ten years later 75 of the teams were still actively working. On 1990s British airways had come to focus on key performance indicators as a principle tool for managing staff. These were six such indicators for its managers: leaderships, communication business competence, managing performance, valuing others and customer focus. These are the basis of decisions about the manager selection pay and performance management. Further market research shows that the customers satisfaction with the quality of British airways service has increased. Since British airways moved to spectacular profit from financial loss over the period when these initiatives took place (in 1995 February recorded profits reported of  £443 million with total passenger of 23.7 million, and it had 65600 staffs are early 2000). The human resource initiation of its financial success has been partly attributed. However it should be noted that some of the problems are lingered. In common with all the airlines are operating to the transatlantic routes of the attack on the world trade center in September 2001. Despite in Human resource management initiatives of a staff survey in 1992 shows that the staff rates British airways poorly as the employer for sustaining a work environment that attracts develops committed employees and retains. British airways also lost a damaging strike following an attempt to impose a new pay deal on its staf f without negotiation in the mid of 1997. British airways Raises Retirement Age: On 24th march 2006, British airways change its New Aircrafts Pension Scheme (NAPS). For the recent joiners, including chief executive Willie Walsh who joined in 2005 May, British airways Retirement Plan (BARP) has been available. The New Airways Pension Scheme (NAPS) has 33,794 active members, 15,185 pensions and 20,269 deferred. There is no increase in staff contribution values for the final salary pension scheme in British airways earned. But, there will be the changes under the new proposals to members benefits relating to future service. Key changes to future services are: For cabin crew members normal retirement age raised from 55 to 60 years initially. For pilots normal retirement age raises from 55 to 60-65 years. Such countries like USA and France remove the restriction on older pilots overflying them. Pensionable pay increases not more than the inflation. On retirement capped pension increases every year at 2.5 percent. Chief executive Mr. Willie Walsh said, this is the solution that will provide for the future affordable pensions. The airline will make a payment of  £ 500 million into fund after the changes accepted. The company will have paid towards the past deficit by December 2006 on top of the  £ 350 million. Mr. Walsh added: The future benefits are changes to members will reduce the anticipated deficit by the  £ 480 million. And also they may able to make contributions for future service can afford. British airways cut management jobs: On 30th November 2005- British airways announced plans to re-structure the business on March 2008 by cut 35% (357). This includes: Reduction of 50% from 414 jobs to 207 on senior managers. And reduction of 30% from 1,301 to 911 on middle level management jobs. British airways chief executive Willie Walsh said that when we reported our second quarter financial results last month that our costs were needed to re-energies our efforts to deliver a competitive cost base. The management job reductions are intended to reduce British airways costs by  £ 50 million as part of its  £ 300 million to cost reduction program on 2007 march. The number of senior manager reduction will be phased: 23% (94) of top executives left the business on 31st March 2006. After the next two years more jobs go with the 50% target to achieve on 2008 March. On March 2006 30% reduction in middle manager should be developed and communicated. British airways are going to cut jobs for cabin crew and introduce two year freeze pay. British airways were lost  £ 401 million last year and they announce earlier last month that they would need to cut 2,000 full time jobs. During the recession the British airways instead press ahead with plans to recruit news staffs on different terms and conditions to the current employees in an attempt to save costs. On 25th June 2009, British airways announced almost 7,000 British airways staffs has volunteered to take unpaid leave, voluntary pay or part time working cuts as part of companys plans to cut costs. British airways chief executive Willie Walsh said, It is a fantastic first response. I want to thank everyone who has volunteered to help us to pull through this difficult period. Walsh himself has agreed to not to take salary during the July month. The latest news of the British airways is British airways staffs are unwillingly agreed to work in new schedules with reduced staffed pending. British airways are presently battle with the unions over changes to jabs and pay. They want to cut cabin crew staffs on long-haul flights from 15 to 14, this changes imposed from 16th of November. Privatization in British airways: A British airway has a change within its organization which is privatization project in 1980s. The company faced the financial problem at that time. The long term debt which is more than  £ 1 billion, and the British government not willing to give public money to wipe out companys debt because of the criticism fear. Then for these reasons British airways decided to make changes within the organization. (Shibata, K., 1993). This privatization made the British airways to change many things in the organization such as mission statement, corporate culture, and organizational structure and so on. Retirement, Training, Job placement, Promotion policy: British airways were considered to be bureaucratic, awkward, inefficient and large in the past. According to privatization, it changed corporate culture from militaristic and bureaucratic to market-driven and service oriented which it made the company to effective in the airline industry. (Poole, R., 1988). These changes which are also involve in HR policy as following. Recruitment, job placement policy: Recruitment and job placement policy are involved in Refreezing stage to Lewins model. According to the stage, British airways have to stabilize the changes and make the behavioral pattern in the organization. British airways needed improve and redesign the recruitment policy and the process in order to increase the new employees who is able to share organizational new value system and management style. (Goodstein., D., L., Burke, W., W., 1991). To achieving these objectives, British airways changed the job placement policy and recruitment which is supported by the diversity concept and equity to identify the right candidates to fit in a new system. Employee recruitment scheme and process: In recruitment and job placement policy, British airways developed recruitment methodology it is looking at the competencies including skills, knowledge and behavior using these competency based interviews made British airways to ensure those candidates will be in success in their jobs and they will fit in to the new organizational system. Selecting right people to work in business field, British airways needs to focus on strong leadership qualities, high motivation, team working skills, passion for customer service and so on (British airways 2006). There for, British airways developed assessment methods in job placement and recruitment process for senior level positions and new entry-level such as the interviews, presentations, role play, group exercises, fact finding psychometric tests (British airways 2006). Training and promotion policy: Privatization transformed British airways to more service airline industry that emphasize on servicing customer. According to unfreezing stage, British airways had stop to introduce new behavior and present pattern and culture of employees. So British airways launched new training program is putting people first for the bottom line employees. And for management-level-employees British airways has introduced a training program Managing people first (Goodstein., D., L., Burke., W., W., 1991). Putting people first program According to corporate goal British airways wanted to be The worlds favorite airline in airline industries. At the time of privatization British airways changed them self to be marker-led company rather than a process-driven company as it had in the past. Putting people first training program is aim to create employees awareness of competition, market place, and to educate employee to know the awareness of team work. As a result of this training program make the organization to reach goal in order to be best and most successful company in the airline industry (Street, M., 1994). Managing people first program: In the second stage of changes in British airways, they needed to bring vision of top management into his employee. For the management level of employees they were implemented during this stage was the special training program Managing people first. The module of the special training program includes support team, training, active senior management participation, multi source feedback and linked performance appraisal system. After participating the management level training program made British airways to have a new leadership to focus on servicing customer and this key factors in better customer retention and it increase more revenue (Tosti, T., D. Jackson, F., S., 2006). Employee promotion policy: British airways changed to private company successfully in 1987, because of one factor that facilitated changes in organization which is Employee promotion policy. British airways used promotion policy to top management levels to promote employee who was the role model of the new British airways values in higher level. This strategy was used to promote employees in top management levels to value in organization. (Goodstein., D., L. Burke, W., W., 1991). Organizational culture: Organizational culture is to consider each organization to how the things are doing around here because each and every organization has different values, belief and different culture. But we can easily explain about the organization culture is the collections of traditions, attitudes, policies, beliefs and values. (Mullins, 1999). Culture changes in British airways: For the organization culture is very important for setting creating tradition and organizations internal and external environments are change, an organization must adapt its present culture and in the order to survive the industry (Salama, A. Easterby-Smith, M., 1994). Recommendations: It is not easy for any organization; it is a general acceptance to make changes into structure and systems. Sometimes leads to have a resistance from its employees to make any changes in the organization. There are four reasons of resistance to organization change from employee including 1) Misunderstanding and lack of trust, 2) Low tolerance for change, 3) Contradictory assessments, 4) Parochial self-interest. (Buchanan D. Huczynski A., 2004). British airways try to change behavior both in organizational level and individuals, such as changing the management style from participative and authoritative. Sometimes new behavior or pattern makes employees to unfamiliar and awkward that it can make them to slip and reject back to the comfortable pattern instead. British airways needed to have more participation in the management decision; but it difficult decision arises; it may not be possible to get it difficult decision arises; it may not be possible to get a consensus decision. (Good stein., D., L. Burke, W., W., 1991). In the British airways history, British airways used tactics to manage resistance and conflicts mostly were HR policy such as training policy. The effective tool to educate employee is HR policy and convenience them to comply with new system. For example, to many new competitors emerged to overcome during 1990s with incumbents in the airline industry such as Easyjet and Ryanair. The CEOs of British airways declared the organization may need the second revolution. British airways tied with American airlines by sourcing new alliance to reducing labor cost in both core staff and non-core staff by recruiting newly hired employees on lower pay to replace the existing staffs, and restructuring payment system. And some of the employees felt that is unsecured and unfair on their jobs. (Wilkinson, A. Grugulis, I., 2002). Many of the organizations including British airways desire to make the changes in their organization when problem arise and they make changes successfully in the less conflict way and harmless. In the past, British airways used often HR tool such as recruitment, training policy and manpower planning to reduce assistance and facilitate changes in organization. Another way to changes in organization is change agent the change agent is a person who leads the project change by planning, researching and building business support. (Bhardwaj, M., 2003). Change agent is an external consultant that the organization hires her/him to take the responsibilities for a specific project. (Buchanan D, Huczynski A., 2004). But the internal consultants have narrow view and more bias. The external agent is another way to handle the project change effectively. Conclusion: A British airway has a long history regarding the organizational changes in the worlds leading airline industry. British airways adapt itself such as value, belief, corporate culture and company mission to improve the organizations performance because of external and internal pressure. HR policy is the most popular tool to handle and facilitate changes and resistance in the organizational. A British airway is successful in privatization in 1987; but during that time there was a strike occurred, which gave an expensive lesson to British airways in 1990s. Finally, organization to facilitate changes is to use change agent which is better to external consultants better than the internal consultants.

The Impact Of The Digital Revolution Marketing Essay

The Impact Of The Digital Revolution Marketing Essay Introduction Consumers are important for organizations as their all efforts are directed toward the satisfaction of needs of their target consumers. Study of consumer behavior help firms to improve their marketing strategy. This helps organizations to understand the psychology of consumers, how they think and feel about the specific products and how they select between different alternatives such as different brands and retailers. More specifically, consumer behavior is defined as the study of individuals, organizations or groups and processes they use to select, use, secure and dispose of products, services, ideas or experience to satisfy needs and impacts these processes have on society and consumers. Study of consumer behavior is very useful for organizations with its extensive applications. The most obvious use of consumer behavior is marketing strategy. When organizations have clear understanding of behavior of consumer about the product or service, they are in better position to develop and run an effective marketing campaign. For instance, by understanding that consumers are friendly towards food advertising when they are hungry we are more likely to schedule snack advertisement late in the afternoon. Consumer behavior also has its application social marketing which includes the ideas across to consumer rather than selling something. The Impact of the Digital Revolution in Marketing and Consumer Behavior: Advancements of technology have affected all the fields of life and so as the business world. Technological revolution is characterized with inventions such as internet, cell phone, global positioning system (GPS devices), notebook or laptop etc. many amazing. These changes have changed our lives to great extent. Now every human is connected with each other due to digital revolution. Communication technology has made it possible to share information quickly and easily. Information technology has also increased the ratio of communication and involved people from everywhere in the world. Digital revolution has provided new and fresh ideas to its users that are so common to use presently. Like all other aspects of life, technology has given a superb impact on consumer behavior and as well as on marketing. Technology has changed the ways to market the product to the target audience and consumers, more emphasis on market side is on how to execute and implement the marketing strategy. Inte rnet is critical mean, used by contemporary organizations to promote their products and services. Now companies are going for social media marketing and promoting their products via social networking websites such as face-book, twitter, word press, BlogSpot and liked in etc. Whereas in past companies were using traditional means of promotion and advertisements e.g. news paper, radio and televisions. But now, internet provides more innovative, quick and fast way to implement promotion strategy. Internet and social media networking websites provides effective and free of cost media to encompass the target audience. Selling methods have also been changed with digital revolution. GPS devices, notebook, laptop and cell phones bring information through users of those technologies faster. Due to fast and easy access to information, people are more aware and try to get latest information when making a purchase decision. Digital revolution has given emergence to relationship marketing (with focus on customer), industrial or business marketing (with organizational focus) and social marketing (with focus on benefits to society) and most importantly to internet marketing. Online Consumer Segmentation: Companies must recognize that cherished knowledge of target market facilitating customer segmentation provides basic information that is necessary to maximize the returns on practices of internet marketing and increase its effectiveness and efficiency. Consumer information is qualifying information that is applied by internet marketers; it also clarifies and help to connect the promotional content with specific segments of consumers. This process is carried out with aim to match the attributes of products with needs of potential online consumers and these customers are more likely to benefit from specific promotional offers of company. In this case, it must be recognized that whole population that have access to the internet can be potential customers. But from this population, only a certain portion of online population represent the potential customer of the product or service being promoted by the company. Process of online segmentation of consumers, is consistent with traditional approach of market segmentation. Internet marketers observe the consumer behavior toward the formulation of promotional content and apply the results of observations in segmenting the online consumers. It is designed to forecast behavior of consumer relative to what is already known about current and prospective consumers. The prognostic value of consumer segmentation is obvious as content of promotional strategy and it is aligned with subset of consumers. Consumer Motivation and High Technology Products: Technology has changed the business practices to great extent. Modern technologies are time saving and require less efforts by humans as well as it simplifies information access and bring people from different places together. Now, high technology gadgets are essential part of human life. Business executives forecast that sales and profits of future are expected to come from high technology products. (Asp, 1999 ). Consumer behavior in the contemporary world is more neutral toward technology. However, there is no single agreement on what is high technology means, actual business practices and competitive strategy theories recognize explicitly that there are important attributes such as rapidly changing life cycles, intensity of information and turbulence that distinguish high technology from the traditional market in psychological factors (Hirunyawipada Paswan, 2006), most important one is motivation of customers as behavior comes from motivation. But actually, consumer needs are not that specific which exist potentially. So the aim of promotional and advertising activities is to satisfy the customer demands and motivate them to buy the products or services even for those which consumers do not need actually. High technology products can prove to be very crucial factor in consumer motivation. Cultural Factors affecting Consumer Behavior: In simpler definition, culture is all about the values of an individual. Culture decides about the behavior of consumers. Cultural factors also influence the individualà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s buying behavior. All individuals hold different sets of beliefs, habits, and principals that are developed by him or her from his family status and background. Within each culture, there are some subcultures such as gender, religion, geographical location and status etc. companies must know specific cultural attributes and how they affect the buying behavior of the consumers. Marketers believe that consumers have similar cultural attributes or having same culture show similar buying behavior. Every country has its distinct and different culture so while going for international marketing, companies must overcome the cultural and economic boundaries. In order to run a successful marketing campaign on domestic and internal level, different presences, attitudes, beliefs and habits of cus tomer in the target market. Beliefs are important element of culture and can show similarities between the people in a community. Understating the cultural properties of target consumers is critical for analysis of consumer buying behavior and play important role in the process of market segmentation, product positioning and target market. Adult Consumerà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s Decision Making: Marketers and researchers have great interest in decision making style of target consumers. Demographics have great impact of thinking and buying behavior of consumers. Age is one of the important elements that affect the consumerà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s behavior in the market place. Consumerà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s decision making style is a mental orientation that is characterized by approach of consumer to make choices. Adult consumers are hard to handle for marketers as they are living in technological advanced world, like innovative and latest products. Attracting and retaining adult consumers is a challenge for marketers, they must be aware and have enough knowledge of advanced technologies and applications that are part of daily life or adults consumers of modern era, in order to reach that specific segment of the market (Olshavsky Granbois, 1979). This market segment may boast considerable purchasing power. This segment is noticed widely due to its perc eived importance. Home buying decisions of this segment are fairly noticeable and they are recognized as trend setters which influence consumption patterns in the other segments of market as well (Olshavsky Granbois, 1979)Buying decisions of adult consumers are influenced by critical reference groups such as friends. It is observed in many researches that impact of promotional activities on loyalty of adult consumer is insignificant. Instead brand loyalty can be enhanced by improving products ad past utilization, convenience and expectations do not affect the loyalty significantly. Conclusion: Consumer buying behavior is a mental orientation that makes the approach of choices by the researcher. Technological advancement has been having great impact of buying behavior and purchase patters of consumers. Due to smart technologies, companies can easily and quickly spread their promotional message and hit their target market consumers. They can benefit by technological advanced options to carry out activities. Internet and social networking websites are important tool for marketing contemporary organizations. A successful marketing strategy in modern world organizations, need to consider important factors such as high technology products, cultural backgrounds of target consumers and demographics of target consumers as well.

Aldous Huxleys Brave New World :: Social Stability Brave New World Essays

Aldous Huxley's Brave New World In Brave New World, Aldous Huxley deftly creates a society that is indeed quite stable. Although they are being mentally manipulated, the members of this world are content with their lives, and the presence of serious conflict is minimal, if not nonexistent. For the most part, the members of this society have complete respect and trust in their superiors, and those who don’t are dealt with in a peaceful manner as to keep both society and the heretic happy. Maintained by cultural values, mental conditioning, and segregation, the idea of social stability as demonstrated in Brave New World is, in my opinion, both insightful and intriguing. The story is set hundreds of years in the future in a world with completely separate values and beliefs from those of today’s society. Birth has become an outdated and even disgusting thing. Instead of being born, humans are mass-produced through very elaborate cloning methods. Children are raised in a society that promotes both sexual promiscuity and drug use. They are brainwashed in their sleep to enjoy everything about their lives and to accept every aspect of society. Each person is predestined to fall under a specific social class that determines what they will do for a living, who they must take orders from, and even what they look like. Every aspect of every person’s life is manipulated, yet everyone feels free. One major issue that helps maintain social stability in Brave New World is sex. It is thought of as normal for people to be completely open with their sexual nature. It is typical for children to run around naked during recess playing games that are sexual and sometimes homosexual in nature. Every adult is encouraged to sleep with as many different partners as possible. This outlook on sexual nature is quite different from actual accepted views. Today, sex is most widely accepted as a private, romantic event that should take place between monogamous couples. Because sex is a natural need of the human body, people of Huxley’s society feel pleased by being open with their sexuality. Indulging in their sexual pleasures eases their minds and keeps them from questioning the level of freedom they have. Another cultural value that helps maintain social stability is drug use. Soma is a euphoric, hallucinogenic drug that the government freely gives to citizens.

Braveheart :: essays research papers

Braveheart Braveheart is a realistic portrayal of the power struggle between England and Scotland. The film starts by showing William Wallace as a boy, losing his father to Edward the Longshanks, King of England. William Wallace leaves Scotland with his uncle to live with him. Years elapse and William Wallace returns to Scotland, the place of his birth, to take over his family’s farm. Wallace finds his childhood love, Marin, and marries her secretly. When one of the feudal lords kills Marin for striking a guard, Wallace then begins a revolt against the English. Wallace’s army of Scots march against the English armies time and again. Until William Wallace is captured by Robert the Bruce’s fathers plan and is sent to London before King Edward the Longshanks. Wallace faces trial for high treason from which he is found guilty. Wallace is then given the choice of confessing or being purified. To show his patriotism to Scotland Wallace chooses not to confess. Therefore Wallace experiences a slow, painful death as his last word â€Å"Freedom† still rings in the ears of the audience, as they cut his head off. The last scene in Braveheart is the battle between the English and Scottish armies where the Scots win their freedom. The theme for Braveheart is betrayal. It is shows all through the movie. The Princess Isabelle betrays her husband and country of marriage by helping and falling in love with William Wallace. Whereas it is the same when Robert the Bruce betrays William Wallace by giving his word to unite their clans against the English then turns to Edward the Longshanks for a title, land and more money. A final act of betrayal is that of father against son. The act is Robert the Bruce’s own father plans against this son and plays a part n getting William Wallace captured for the King. Two of the most interesting characters to analyze is Edward the Longshanks and the Princess of Wales. Edward the Longshanks seems to have no weakness. Though through the movie, in my opinion, I think he has one and that is underestimating William Wallace and Scotland.

Secrets of Spanish Cuisine Essay -- essays research papers

Two of my favorite foods are Spanish rice and homemade flour tortillas. Unfortunately, I have only prepared the Rice-a-Roni version of Spanish rice and used store-bought tortillas because it less time consuming. My feelings changed yesterday when my teacher, Mrs. Hernandez, taught me how to make the rice from scratch. In order to make Spanish rice, you need the following ingredients: 2 cups of regular white rice, 1 small onion,  ¼ cup of oil, 1 small green bell pepper, 1 small tomato, 4 oz of tomato sauce, 2 cloves of garlic, 4 to 5 cups of water, 1 tbsp of salt, and a touch of black pepper.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  To begin, chop the bell pepper, tomato, and onion into very small dices. Next, turn the stove burner on high and place your pan with the cooking oil added on top to pre-h...

Evaluation of Literature Reviews of Three Articles Essay

A literature review is a report of information published earlier from books, journals, newspapers, or any reliable articles that show relevance and significance to the research study being conducted. It is not just a summary of knowledge and scholarly opinions on a specific topic by scholars and academic researchers, but it is also a critical   analysis of various literatures that seeks to determine what knowledge and ideas are already known that   serve as the guide and support to the thesis statement and objective of the research study being conducted (Taylor, 2006). A literature review is the part of an academic research study that helps understand the research problem. From this, it can be viewed that a literature review must have the following criteria: (1) shows diversity of ideas, theories and opinions by reviewing the most recent literatures but also acknowledges old literatures whenever needed (e.g. for historical purposes); (2) not simply summarizes the literatures available but most importantly, it critically analyzes, describes, and compares such literatures in an organized manner; and (3) should address the issues or problems that leads to the achievement of the objectives of the research study being carried out.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   A good literature review can be best described by analyzing the literature review section of at least three articles, comparing and contrasting them using the four criteria mentioned above. Article 1 is entitled ‘Integrating Earnings and Cash Flows Per Common Share’. The article aims to determine the importance of reporting both the earnings per share and the cash flow per share and how such reports can provide information about the financial health of an organization. Article 1’s literature review is good because it was able to present various recently published studies that show what happened when only the earnings per share was reported, giving emp hasis on the importance of timely reporting both the earnings per share and the cash flow per share ; that is, it was able to provide a good theoretical framework for the study, helping the authors achieve the article’s objective. The authors are aware of the purpose of the study and that the article is intended for accountants, financial analysts, managers and accounting and finance students, thus they were able to review and analyze significant past studies that can address the issue without the need to define technical financial terms. Most of these studies were published recently, between the years 1997 to 2005, ensuring that the content of the literature review is not outdated for timeliness is important in dealing with technical issues like financial and accounting issues. The review also reflects a diversity of relevant ideas about the topic. However, the literature review is not well organized; a literature is discussed in a paragraph and the next paragraph discusses another literature without logically correlating one from the other as if the next paragraph is for another topic. The authors could have used words such as moreover, for instance, or furthermore that help readers understand clearly the comparisons and relationships between the literatures being reviewed.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The next article is entitled ‘Security Returns and the Value Relevance of Accounting Data’ which was published in 1999. The article is very technical in nature that readers without a good background in accounting cannot be able to fully understand the article. In fact the article was presented at the American Accounting Association Doctoral Consortium and at the American Accounting Association/Taiwan Accounting Association First Globalization Conference, which means that the author is very much aware of the audience who will benefit the article. Since it was presented in a conference of professional accountants, the article can be used as an academic source for students and other accountants. It aims on determining the relationship and relevance between a firm’s accounting data and the returns it gained. The literatures reviewed present evidences that address this issue and show that accounting data reflect the financial gains, conditions and events in a firm which are important in decision-making. However,   the journals used as references are quite old which were actually published between the years 1940 and 1999. It would be better if the authors found and used research studies that have recent and newer ideas about the issue because â€Å"the more recent the study, the more valuable it tends to be† (Literature Review, 2004.). The literature review is also very brief but shows comprehensiveness and organization although it does not show a diversity of opinion because it uses only few literatures.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The third article is about human resource management entitled ‘Why people stay: using job embeddedness to predict voluntary turnover’ published in 2000. Its literature review section reviews and compares various peer-reviewed journals and academic books that dealt with theories about employee turnover, motivation, job satisfaction, employee attitudes, organizational behavior, and job commitment. Among the three articles, this article is the most organized research study as well as the one having the most diverse ideas and theories, resulting to a very comprehensive review. It uses headings and subheadings to indicate changes in topic and subtopics. Its content includes past and current theories, reflecting that the authors acknowledged and effectively integrated these theories to come up with better findings that help achive the objectives of the study. The authors have effectiveley compared and contrasted such theories that resulted to more reliable conclusions. The review is an effective reference to managers, professionals, and various organizations as well as students to be able to have knowledge on employee retention. References: Easton, P. (1999) Security Returns and the Value Relevance of Accounting Data,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Accounting Horizons 13:4, pp.399-412 â€Å"Literature Review† (2004) retrieved online on March 9, 2007   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     http://library.ups.edu/instruct/ricig/comm105/litreview.htm Mitchell, T., Holtom, B., Lee, T., and Erez, M (2000) Why People Stay: Using Job   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Embeddedness to Predict Voluntary Turnover   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Academy of Management Journal, 44:8; 1102-1121 Stone, K. and Niemeyer, R. (2005) Integrating Earnings and Cash Flows Per Common   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Share, The Journal of Theoretical Accounting Research, Fall, 1, 1, Accounting    and Tax Periodicals, pp. 63- 76 Taylor, Dena (2006) The Literature Review: A Few Tips on Conducting It   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Retrieved online on March 9, 2007   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   http://www.utoronto.ca/writing/litrev.html

Compare the State and National government Essay

In many ways, the structure of state governments and the national government mirror each other. In this forum section, each student is to research one state government and compare it to the national government. Next, explain to the class if you think that the state you researched has a good form of democratic government. Hint: an encyclopedia at home, at a library or an internet search would help. Lastly, please remember to cite your research source. Each state has its own constitution based on its distinctive history and needs. A state’s constitution is similar to that of the national Constitution; nevertheless, the laws made in individual states cannot conflict with the national Constitution or national laws. Ive decided to research the New Jersey State government and compare it to the national government. The government of the State of New Jersey, like that of the United States, is divided into three branches. Those three branches are the legislative, the executive, and judicial. The chief function of the Legislature is to enact laws. The Legislature consists of two Houses. Those 2 houses are a 40-member Senate and an 80-member General Assembly. The Senate and Assembly chambers are located in the State House in Trenton. The Executive Branch carries out programs established by law. The chief of the executive branch is the governor. The governor’s office is located in the State House in Trenton. The governor signs bills into law or vetoes them. He can also recommend laws and call the legislature into special session. The governor has the power to grant pardons and is the only person with the authority to call in the National Guard. The Judiciary Branch punishes violators, settles controversies and disputes, and is the final authority on the meaning and constitutionality of laws. The Judicial Branch decides how state laws should be applied. The governor appoints judges to the Supreme and Superior courts with the Senate’s approval. I believe that NJ has a good democratic government. I can appreciate the way each branch of government keeps and eye on the other branch through checks and balances. I think its great that we have the power to elect people into office and that there are several types of offices where the people all work together. Works cited Usinfo.state.govNj.gov

Behavioral Sciences

Economic status such as severe economic stress and unemployment is important to explore when a child protective service (CPS) worker tries to validate an abuse. The complexity of this area and its association with other factors makes it a significant field in the process of verification of the presence of child abuse. The economic constraints or poverty per se is not the direct cause of child abuse but rather the effects of it such as stress, substance abuse, domestic violence and depression(Index).An increase in the number of child abuses due to stress caused by poverty, unemployment, and economic decline is reported(Health24). Poverty and unemployment are considered as important risk dynamics in maltreatment of children(Congress of the United States 1988). Studies concluded that in families with low annual income the occurrence of severe or fatal injuries because of physical abuse and neglect is high(Neil Guterman, 2005). Unemployment can bring stress to the family resulting to chi ld abuse. The root of the stress in unemployment is money problem.When a parent loses a job the family will experience economic constraints and when interlinked with other factors this leads to child abuse. In child maltreatment, unemployment is considered as the most important forecaster of cases. Various studies done on the relation of unemployment and child abuse indicates that the incidence of child abuse increases proportionally with raises of unemployment cases(Congress of the United States 1988). Employed fathers are less likely to commit physical abuse to their children when compared to unemployed ones.Another study also resulted into the conclusion that the number of cases of maltreatment increases with the number of unemployed fathers. Hypothesis of researches indicates that fathers who lost there job tries to reinstate their provider persona through abuse in their children and any family member. Behavioral changes such as irritability, increased temper, and being tense ar e observed in fathers that has financial problems. These uncontrollable economic burdens tend to provoke the breakdown of a parent’s ability to regain control over the situation(Neil Guterman, 2005).It doesn’t mean though that child abuse only happens in poor households or communities. It has no social or economic boundaries but only with higher incidence in economically challenged families. There are also cases of child abuse that involves people with monetary capacity but those cases are in association with other factors like history of abuse, depression, and stress due to other factors. If I am a CPS worker I will explore the area first by getting the necessary historical information. Answers to questions such as who, what, when, where, how and why must be obtained(Justice, 2001 ).Interviews with the victim, the offender, and people in their environment will help in answering the aforementioned question(NY). Research should be done on the financial status of the fam ily including the employment status of the parents, the amount of annual income, the capacity to sustain the family’s needs through the income of parents, any family need that are not sustain due to income constraints, and any debts that will affect the economic standing of the family. After data gathering, the analysis of the obtained information is done. Association between the financial profile and child abuse is analyzed.Evidences of the abuse should be searched in order to be able to substantiate the claim of child abuse. Information can be acquired by interview with the alleged offenders, the child, and individuals that can give information about the case like neighbors, and family friends(NY). Interview with the parent(s) of the alleged victim is conducted. Then interview with the alleged victim is done in a private setting with the permission of the parents of course. A medical examination of the victim is done especially in cases of sever injuries and sexual abuse.Th e supposed place where the incident happened is examined and documented. Then the alleged victim is visited unannounced to identify the condition in the home. Individuals that can contribute substantial information about the case are also interviewed privately(Services, 2006). In investigation of child abuse cases credibility of evidence is defined as the likelihood that the information gathered is accurate. There are two types of evidence used in investigating the finding; and, these are the direct and indirect evidence.Statements of witnesses are classified as direct evidences, while the indirect evidences rely on the presence of existence or nonexistence of circumstantial facts(Network, 2007). The investigator in order to determine if the information that will be used as evidence, he needs to assess the value and relevance of the information. The following are factors that affect the credibility of evidence gathered from all sources: corroborating evidence, source of information, and direct interest. Corroborating evidence are those that enables the pinpointing of facts and evidences that sustain prior statements.Evidences classified as corroborating evidence gain more weight of credibility than those without verification or with sources that are independent. An example of corroborating physical evidence is a loop mark that is can be seen in the back of a child that gave a prior statement that he was hit by an extension cord. A corroborating witness is a person that verifies the prior statement of a certain person -the accused, accuser, or other witness. Source of information is more credible when it is more direct source of information that provides the foundation for a source’s opinion.Example is that when a medical doctor gives his opinion using the medical records, it serves as a more credible source than that of a caseworker’s opinion of the injury. Direct interest offers greater accuracy when the person who stated the information has not hing to lose or to gain in doing so. The worker verifying the information must seek out independent verifications of the information given by suspects(Network, 2007). Professional sources credibility also has some factors that affect it. It does not necessarily apply that because the source of the information is a professional it’s already considered as accurate.Professionals have no equal credibility in giving information thus evaluation of information given needs to be done according to the following factors: training, experience, and specialization. The more training a professional has attended the more his credibility increases when compared to a professional with no training at all. Experience in the field of scope is necessary to increase the weight of credibility of the professional. Thus, a professional with more experience in the field of interest is more credible.Increase in relevance to the subject of interest of a professional specialization also increases the pro fessional’s credibility(Network, 2007). Evidence gathered from non-professional sources needs to be verified and the factors that affect the credibility of these sources are: consistency, and plausibility. Especially if the non-professional source is the person being investigated, appropriate measures of caution should be employed. It necessitates independent verification of the evidence provided by this source or gathering of more sources.Consistent information is more credible and a plausible statement is the statement that seems true when the facts and circumstances are considered(Network, 2007). Credibility children sources are affected by the following factors: age and development of the child, plausibility, and evidence that an account of the facts has been influenced by others. The information given by an older child is greater in credibility than that of a younger child. But a younger child without exposure to sexual acts that is able to describe in detail the events that happen is more credible.In evaluating plausibility of the information from a child source the development of the child’s communication skills and abilities have to be considered. The credibility of a child’s statement is increased if other people are not present during the giving of the statement or no one is pressuring the child(Network, 2007). Credibility of the information depends on the credibility of the sources. Independent verifications of sources should be done to test the accuracy of the information. In doing interviews with a child (18 years old below) either a victim or accused their welfare should be considered first.They should not be subjected to situations that will make them more uncomfortable and will add to the burden of child abuse. 2. I will answer case vignette number 3. The indicator of abuse in case vignette number 3 is of a behavioral type in which the young woman became preoccupied and unable to study. Change in behavior is indicated in th e symptoms of child sexual abuse(MedlinePlus, 2007). The young woman was preoccupied because there was this flashback of the sexual abuse that occurred. Basically the abuse done to the woman can still be classified under the child sexual abuse category because she was abused when she was only 15 years old.The types of abuse involved are: sexual abuse by the father and neglect on the part of the mother because she even accused her daughter of seducing her own father. What will I do with the information? I will search for the name of the woman and address then maybe I could go to her and encourage her to report the abuse that was done to her. If ever that the woman can not afford to report the case to the authorities because she loves her family, I will suggest that the entire family should undergo an emotional and psychiatric treatment. The treatment is especially important to the woman victim for her to be able to move on.Maybe I can also talk to the mother so that someone can advic e her of the pain she is causing her child. Then maybe I might be able to convince her to be by the side of her daughter because in times like this a daughter can be helped much by a loving mother. The given information is not enough for me to report the case to a Child Protective Service so I need to gather more information. Other information needed in reporting cases of child abuse are: name and residence of the child/parents; age, sex, and gender of the child; name of suspect of the child abuse, and composition or profile of the family(Botash, 2007).The course of action that I will take is to report the case to the proper authorities which is the Child Protective Service because the incidence of child abuse continues to increase due to the lack of vigilance in reporting the cases. If each and every citizen will do his/her part in the reporting of these child abuse I think that it might help in decreasing the numbers of the incidence because the abusers will be afraid of the vigil ance of the people and the punishments of their crime.I also think that the case needs to be reported so that the woman can have the proper treatments, psychiatric and emotional related. What would make me decide not to take action is if the woman herself already reported the abuse. I will make my stand in the vigilance of reporting so that the repetition of the abuse by her father can be prevented and the woman will be protected against her parents that abused and neglected her. Thus no matter what happens I will report the case for the safety of the woman, and for her father to be punished if proven guilty.Works Cited Botash, A. â€Å"Child Abuse Evaluation and Treatment for Medical Providers†. Retrieved October 29, 2007, from http://www. childabusemd. com/reporting/how-report. shtml. 2007. Congress of the United States, O. o. T. A. â€Å"Healthy children: investing in the future†. DIANE Publishing. 1988. Health24. â€Å"What causes child abuse? † Retrieved Oc tober 28, 2007, from http://www. health24. com/child/Abuse/833-859,12694. asp Index, L. † Causes and Effects of Child Abuse – Some Contributing Factors to Child Abuse†. Retrieved October 28, 2007, from http://www.libraryindex. com/pages/1388/Causes-Effects-Child-Abuse-SOME-CONTRIBUTING-FACTORS-CHILD-ABUSE. html Justice, U. S. D. o. â€Å"Law Enforcement Response to Child Abuse: Portable Guides to Investigating Child Abuse†. NCJ. 2001. MedlinePlus. â€Å"Child Abuse†. Retrieved October 29, 2007, from http://www. nlm. nih. gov/medlineplus/childabuse. html#cat5. 2007. Neil Guterman, Y. L. † The Role of Fathers in Risk for Physical Child Abuse and Neglect: Possible Pathways and Unanswered Questions†. Child Maltreat, 10, 136. 2005. Network, P. C.â€Å"Intake / Investigation†. Retrieved October 29, 2007, from http://www. prairienet. org/dcfs-project/investigation/investigation-07. html. 2007. NY, P. C. A. â€Å"A Parents' Guide to the N ew York State Child Protective System†. Retrieved October 29, 2007, from http://www. preventchildabuseny. org/cpsandcourts. shtml#cps Services, O. D. o. H. â€Å"340:75-3-8. 2. Protocol for investigating reports of abuse in child care centers or homes†. Retrieved October 30, 2007, from http://www. okdhs. org/library/policy/oac340/075/03/0008002. htm. 2006.